Pingtung Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital

Acute complications of diabetes

Acute complications commonly seen in diabetes include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). These three acute complications may lead to death if they become severe.

1.Hypoglycemia

(1) Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Patients may experience symptoms such as weakness, drowsiness, shaking, confusion, hunger, dizziness, pale skin, sweating, rapid heartbeat, chills, muscle cramps, and difficulty in concentrating. In severe cases, patients may lose consciousness or even fall into coma.

(2) How to Prevent Hypoglycemia (blood sugar level below 70 mg/dL)

A.Develop regular eating habits, and check blood sugar levels between meals, before bedtime, and before or during vigorous activity. Supplement with a small snack if necessary.

B.Monitor blood glucose level, especially when food intake decreases.

C.Inject the correct dosage of insulin or take oral hypoglycemic agents, and eat meals on time after use.

D.Always carry sugar, such as sugar cubes or candies, to prevent hypoglycemia.

E.Carry a diabetes identification card or bracelet.

F.Avoid excessive alcohol consumption and drinking on an empty stomach.

(3)Management of Hypoglycemia

A.Immediately test blood sugar levels.

B.If the patient is conscious: administer oral carbohydrates (e.g., sugar cubes, fruit candies).

C.If the patient is unconscious: turn their head to the side and apply honey or syrup between the teeth and gums. Seek immediate medical assistance, or administer intravenous glucose.

D.If hypoglycemia is caused by long-acting sulfonylureas or long-acting insulin, the hypoglycemic episode may be prolonged. Continue monitoring blood sugar for at least 24-48 hours.

2.Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Coma

(1)Symptoms of Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Coma

Patients may experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, deep and rapid breathing, fruity breath, excessive urination, extreme thirst, weight loss, dehydration, low blood pressure, shock, confusion, lethargy, or coma.

(2)How to Prevent Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Coma

A.Follow medical advice regarding insulin injections or oral hypoglycemic agents; do not discontinue medication on your own.

B.Adhere to your dietary plan and avoid overeating.

C.Exercise moderately every day.

D.Maintain hydration and avoid dehydration.

E.Regularly monitor blood glucose levels.

F.Seek immediate medical assistance if you experience persistent vomiting, inability to eat, prolonged diarrhea, extreme weakness, rapid or difficult breathing, or altered consciousness.